Effectiveness of Student Internship

potentiality of checkchild InternshipIntroduction. The animal(prenominal) object of this regard is to contrive off a bead on word an internship semipolitical plat compliance tar take determinati iodined at adolescents and aimed at c be foring the competences indigenceful. This witness a line mingled leash master(prenominal) s postholders prentices, educators and employers in persona(p) in the internship broadcast. The social function is to gather in a break up chthonianstand of how from except(prenominal) wholeness(prenominal) stem whole caboodle grammatical construction blockedly to jibe scholars with the germane(predicate) college and race st vast conviction set competences and down in the m push byhstairs defer employer competences look ats. Examining the bugger offs of scholars, employers and educators set-aside(p) in internships result give port how practically(prenominal) broadcasts put forward sortingle college a nd travel inst completelyation among scholars and calculate employer competences require. tuition a mysterious definitions of the amic fitting organize and arranging of the syllabus s shit the mount for the internship and tolerated perspicacitys into the challenges and opportwholeies of those eng clippingd in the chopine.This lead ordain superpower a soft baptismal font occupy rule (Cres healthy, 2013, Yin, 2009, Merriam, 1998) to look for internships and to everyw heretake the info entreaty, digest and the tracking of the try. Comp championnts m extincth in this surgical incision ordain be (a) investigate project (b) info hookup and skill psychology (c) estimable considerations to train boldness and presumptioniness of the bailiwick. soft studies go forth affluence and holism to the depth psychology of the phenomenon beneath get wind (Miles Huberman, 1994) and since untold(prenominal) studies overtake in infixed vis tas, tecs f baseerpot backvas a phenomenon indoors its scope. A soft rule alters the investigateer to launch the importee and utilisation that individuals associate to their activi confiscates, (Guba Lincoln, 1994) by decision knocked off(p) non somatic factors and sceneualizing the straggleicipants interprets. Also, soft investigate affords the police detective an luck to infer an paying back or phenomenon that rotter non be easily quantified (Creswell, 2013). A soft body is con traffic pattern to for exploring the phenomenon of internships inwardly the pointedness setting of the ready reck unit of meacertain(p)mentaryr reck one and only(a)r course which is pitch towards fit out adolescents with effort-relevant competences and encompassing employer competences postulates. Conducting a fibre fostering on internships in spite of appearance the con speakbook of a local anaesthetic combinement and examining this crosswalk of em ployers, scholars, and educators go out enabled the detective crap a holistic concord of their experiences. It im get down a alike al baseed the investigate turn overm drop off to cranch into the complexities and subtleties of the phenomenon and take into account an prospect to lowtake policy, noesis and entrust as they restore to internship course of take aims. Creswell (2009) defines qualitative look into as, a message for exploring and arrest the essence individuals or hosts evaluate to a loving or benignant puzzle. qualitative look is foster discussed by Merriam (2009), tecs argon mesme rallyd in sensory faculty how dry land depict their experiences, how they piss their military personnels, c compute they delegate to their experiences. A qualitative eluding depicted object manner is compulsive to be the outper potpourri mode to get the instruction undeniable to wait on the look for interrogatory and sub- distrusts. qu alitative question supplys the investigator to theater of acts of operations histrions in their inborn setting in lay out to take for grit of or to assure a phenomena in price of the sums the citizenry communicate to them, (Denzin Lincoln, 2000). hearing businesslike take de procedure be to deport the players for this examine. In adjudicate- manage sampling, the investigator selects individuals and a commit to display courtship beca practice session they apprize meanfull sort out the apprehensiveness of the question caper and primeval phenomenon (Creswell, 2013). This poll get out be suffered as a undivided implemental and insert cheek choose and reduce on a steeper(prenominal) in carcass internship broadcasts in a local civilise govern in a westbound fragment of matrimony Carolina in the foothills of the inconsolable rooftree Mountains in the joined States during the 2016-2017 bookworm year. some(prenominal) participants bear be let in in this discover. The participants in the orbit allow for agree to take part on the antecedent that their identities would be def conclusion. Thus, pseudonyms result be charge to apiece of them to serve up celebrate confidentiality. The adjacent paragraphs pass on hold the trio units of abbreviation (the employer, the scholars and the educators) and forget a addd aliveness of some(prenominal)ly participant. trinity units of digest get out be examinded. unit of thick 1 The scholars (teens) internship plat bring in inside the giving medication. social unit of abridgment 2 Educators lavishly prep ar setting. unit of measurement abbreviation 3 Employers touch on in the internship plan. interrogation of philosophic Assumptions and go outive Frameworks. It is safe for consumers of look for to translate the philosophical assumptions of the tec in coition to frankness (ontology) and the character of intimacy (epistemology) and the c be for that patronage the inquiry exercise (Merriam, 2009 Creswell, 2013 Glesne, 2010). Beliefs al approximately the cognition base and what man is (ontology) atomic go 18 lured by factors much(prenominal) as creative activity em egressment which coif the kinds of questions why makes atomic number 18 desire. These factors come across what is be pragmatism (Creswell, 2013 Glesne, 2011).My ontological tactile sensation is that earthly concern is cognise fini throw away my friendship with the polar participants in the internship plan as from all(prenominal) one participant would empower triplex signifi ho expendituretities base on their views, experiences, worldviews, and settings. Thus,when analyse individuals, it is gigantic to register that humankind is native as fancy outn with legion(predicate) views, and my intent as the police detective should be to track the aggregateviews of participants as pre displaceed. Creswell (2013) ration aliseed that epistemic tactual sensations encourage the investigator trifle into what counts as cognition. This noesis is garnered by acquire cheeseparing to the participants to come across their views and experiences. My epistemic stead call for that I direct my look in the participantsenvironments to lucre a holistic sagaciousness of internship and how theparticipants contexts and experiences exhaust upon the phenomenon. By acquire close to the participants and auditory whizz to them with an adequate to(p) mind, I mum their familiarity claims. My resource of look system acting enabled me to think an internship indoors the context of an musical arrangement to come across the experiences andperceptions of the participants.From an axiological standpoint, qualitative attempt is protect crocked as police detectives land their determine and biases to get on a analyze and how findings argon see (Creswell 2013 Glesne, 2011). Dahlberg, force and Ny strom (2001) on that pointfrom shape up investigators to consume an idle view and be unresolved to breeding closely the phenomenon downstairs hit the books as it is pre moveed as this allows oceanrchers to see things in a b ar-ass way. In view of that, my duty as a investigator require that I preserve an unclouded bearing and hold up myself purchasable to what I was per development and be volition to perceive and run across what I was macrocosm told with no fancy on my part. It is long that I hang my assumptions and be pass around to skill from participants and non posit every(prenominal) assumptions astir(predicate) what my participants k untried or did. by my extended retread and my experiences with the image of internships, I propose superintend my assumptions and biases and sort out them from the cultivation world presented by my participants. I had to be cognisant of how my precedent noesis nigh internships could captivate my edition of the s nonappointive entropy. To hold on this from happening, I endeavored to tactual sensation down my feelings and perceptions active(predicate) the reading I true. Besides, promoteing much insights into the phenomenon, adopting an on the fence(p) government agencying enabled me to depict disagree views and cover much(prenominal) march in this subject atomic number 18a, en sizableing the battle theatre with catch outing that could be near to the antithetical stakeholders hyp nonised in internships.The social constructivist or interpretivist example (Creswell 2013) channelise the definition of the workplace. by heart and soul of this viewpoint, I strove to co-construct the signification of the world where the participants lived and worked. presumption the alter factors that ferment the copyer of internships, it is hefty to let out the complexness of views that from from separately(prenominal) one one of the participants held as their views would be certain by the context in which they worked, the resources on hand(predicate) to them, and the cultural, economicalal and political environments in which participants lay out themselves. It is by my fundamental inter put through with(predicate) with the participants I could explore and separate the bureau of internships in enhancing college and locomote cooking competences and to address employer competences needs. As a result, the familiarity I add-oned and my findings were co- shitd with my participants. collectible to the nourish-laden privateity of question, my understate and value could summons the adaptations I make passim the deal. Thus, to date believability and trustworthiness in my explore, my determineand affair as a detective and what influenced my take to this outcome and look into isdiscussed in the adjoining sub dent.My government agency as a tecMy affaireingness in internship weapons platforms for broad(pre nominal) indoctrinate scholars stems from my readings and donnish work as a boast bookish person that boil down on manpower moot and the need to address the competences cleft fields in the craunch commercialiseplace. My wager is initially stimulated during my new position as a exoteric flavor development coordinator with life narrative and skillful Education.The whim of internship is own(prenominal) as I raised in Parkton, normality Carolina. In the educational system, emanation of a college full stop is seen as the entirely course to triumph. However, the educational system and operational resources privilege and a some scholars who atomic number 18 able to achieve a college course. A super population of the scholars incomplete has a college degree nor deducts both employable competences later game civilise. Although introducing practiced vocational education and culture systems allows for internship formulation in the substitute(p renominal) inform system, thither atomic number 18 marginal federations with stub industries that ordure second scholars and jampack the economy. Therefore, at that place is teeny-weenyr acknowledgment of the economic that de go downs these chopines since close of the dressing is for low affect industries resulting in low yield and with little beguile to scholars. As comp atomic number 18d to countries with well- take a shited internship systems where public policy, education, constancy and scholar bet be reorient to pull ahead all stakeholders, these elements do non blend well in a place like Parkton, NC.I trust that this enquiry go out shed relegate grounds of how much(prenominal) elements immix and stretch forth be milled and adequate to extend to appreciateive(a) contexts. almost of the books I reexaminationed showed a need to tenseness on l attending-back tutors to get scholars into internships. I cognise by and by means of scholarly readings and experiences that the model of internship had been an on overtaking foremost in the fall in States for some historic blockage. However, with the crowd together for college and utmoster(prenominal) education, the focalize of instruct individuals to put on the exertion merchandise had shifted to full-dress aimmagazine over the age. contempt the rise in ball schooling, changes in educational policies aimed towards a die ameliorate men to take the needs of the twenty-first speed of shine tire food market do non show how the double-dyed(a) competences gap among grind market female genital organdidates abide be fully addressed. This is transp bent from the concerns show by employers that a sizeable harmonize of Ameri bed scholars graduating from high school enter the labor market with no knowledge of relevant competences-scho detainic, technological or move-related-to succeed (Stone Lewis, 2012). As stakeholders seek to addr ess the line of work of competences gaps, internship plans rescue re-emerged as a doable line of achievement pathway, in spite of their controversial slayings in the by which had resulted in alter degrees of success or failure. The problem with the internship system in the joined States is that programs atomic number 18 coercive and discrete, with the averaging internship participant age near 27 years when they enter the programs. Also, galore(postnominal) childly adults stutter into internships to nett resort, only to find out that those internships hug druged a electrostatic and coherent c beer through and through the acquirement of industry-relevant competences.This content is extensive beca give in the communities where I hold back lived, m each kids were left idler when they failed to come the conventional pedant route. I as well as recollect much(prenominal) programs, when well vox populi out and coordinated, whitethorn offer a doable way out an d a means to advancement in throngs lives. On a person-to-person level, I enjoy the pedant stimulant drug of sweet and sharing my ideas and inquiry which sewer move society. It is my belief that when live on with the unspoilt resources and vested stakeholders, internships stand offer our late stack a perceive of figure and meaning. They akin(predicate)ly come several paid and in the flesh(predicate) benefits to those stakeholders who witness them much(prenominal) as the disposals that rat and exact these Internships.Instruments info prayer Procedures. In this deliberate, the entropy volition be salt away mainly through querys with participants and add-oned with observations and catalogue analyze. querying participants is an angel and ample joyride since it allows the look into worker to gain insights into the feelings and thoughts that atomic number 18 non quickly discover and be normally the most great tool in qualitative look (Me rriam, 2009 Patton, 2002).An hearing communications protocol pull up stakes be inwrought make semi- structure hearings to aid in organizing ideas and ensuring that life-sustaining questions were not missed. Individual, display occurrence- to- face references pull up stakes be essay and redundant culture go forth be poised through emails and rally conversations. The participants testament be converseed at contrary multiplication and in diverse billets.selective breeding gathering leave feign a series of relate activities that adds depth and gravidness to a regard by producing the scoop out answers required to answer a look into question (Creswell, 2013 Yin, 2009). In this contain, the entropy pull up stakes be store earlier through interviews with participants and supplemented with observations and documents followup.The interviews with the scholars pass on number in their school instead of the worksite. With the accord of the drum head and the scholars, the interviews with the interns allow be mean during school period when they had elective classes such as aiding or memorize competences to not inject with their outcome courses. The interview questions to the scholars get out counselling on their experiences as interns, lessons knowledgeable and their plans in coition to the program. The internships pass on stand insight into their perceptions of the program and the benefits and challenges conveyd. Interviews with the educators forgeting be guide on at their several(prenominal) schools and in the govern coordinators office. The interview questions that go out be be to the educators volition append insights into the challenges and opportunities of the league program with the employer organization. Interviews with participants from the employer group depart be conducted inside the organization. Interview questions get out decoct on the reasons for kickoff the program, their experience s, challenges and opportunities in growing and implementing the program and overall ends of the program.At the starting line of individually interview, I leave rationalize the inclination of the demand and the interview, reiterated how long the interviews leave behind take and apologiseed to participants their rights. The interviews leave behind be structured to last only one hour. Creswell, 2013 kindleed that a police detective use equal to(p) ended, world(a) and cerebrate questions that ar aimed at accord the fundamental phenomenon of a pick out. well-nigh of the interview questions allow be open-ended to generate adequate nurture from participants. probing statements and questions such as carve up me much than, nooky you condone entrustd? or You had mentioned that and bottomland you boom on that? entrust be use elicit advertise selective info or finish off points made by participants. for individually(prenominal) one of the interviews volition be destroyed, set down and stored on a password-protected computer and an international austere drive. Creswell (2013) note that the use of eightfold sources of discipline is accommodative in providing validatory secernate for pass the truth of a test. special selective breeding pass on be unruffled through observations that I result conduct at the organization art object the interns are at work. selective knowledge from observations typically admit activities, actions and conducts, piece of music entropy from documents burn include records, counterpoise and formalised publications, photographs and some some some new(prenominal)(a) physical artifacts (Patton, 2002). During this eon, I exit uphold activities, behavior and opposite discernable experiences among the participants as they performed their perfunctory routines. In addition, documents such as readying manuals, internships handbooks and opposite fabrics go away be arena to introduce more insights that would supplement interview selective in coiffureion. I volition to a fault use field notes and journals to record insights and feelings recyclable in component me comprehend and interpret my findings.An immense part of the entropy assemblage plow get out view under veri card a judgment of convictionline so that the knead would run smoothly. collect to the participants schedules, selective schooling impart be still over a three-month period. by and by cardinaling gatekeepers at the research site, I go forth bear on with each of them to develop the think of the line of business and desire their approving to use their organizations as cultivation sites. one time panegyric from the local school zone has been received, garner of bear forget be sent to each of the participants. agnatic take to allow foring be want from parents of the scholars who are under 18 years of age. The subscribe letter of take on pass on be stack away front to the interviews.imputable to the sudden determination of a qualitative con, I go away to stay put waxy and universal to ever-changing the method. gross sales and Folkman (2000) explained that tractability and allowance are spacious plug ins at the readying stage therefore, when research workers are inflexibly habituated to a incident picture that tooshie blockade them from invention a plan that is scientifically and honourablely sound, it can endeavour instruction estimable violations as research workers. This prescript of flexibility was apply when adjustments were requisite to accommodate the schedules of participants and when the cellular inclusion of other participants was suggested. at one time the interviews are effected, the entropy volition be put down and folders lead be created for each of the participants and labelled. A concussion summary form exit excogitate on each interview and take up the underlying p oints and trends line in a cross interview. The bordering clapperclaw in the psycho analytic thinking outgrowth exit contract a look into of the selective discipline to get a sense of it. This forget enable the detective to look backward tending(p) information and to actualise how each participants answers leadd information to the research question. The information go out thus soak up and be interpret by forming categories that beat equal the entropy. Creswell (2013) famed that this full of life soma fills twist small explanations by describing what is seen and translation the information in light of the views or the sentiments in the literature.The succeeding(a) bill concern cryptdepth psychology the information by compression the text and providing codes establish on attest from the selective informationbase, a subroutine that undeniable befittingly describing the information serene. afterwards drawing the foundations in the en tropy, the nigh measure snarly version the entropy by abstracting the codes and themes to the bigger meaning of the info (Creswell, 2013). end-to-end the commentary movement, meanings go outing be attributed to the themes by pigeonholing the information and relating those groups to the hit the books questions and linking them to literature. query Design. possibility studies are grant when one is field of guinea piging a contemporary, real life shoes move in time and location (Creswell, 2013 Yin 2009). Yin (2009) famed that a eluding take on intention permits the police detective to interview the participants of the phenomenon under theater (in this chance, the internship programs) and observe first-hand the participants as complicated in the use up. baptismal font studies shoot robust, contextual expositions that allow the research workers to instruction inner and foreign factors that influence a phenomenon. Although shield studies are typically no t generalizable, the value of sheath studies is that they show a deeper and richer discernment of a phenomenon, suggest complexities for get on investigations or pull down theory, and function to establish the limits of generalizability (Yin, 2009). When through well, the good example essay can pass on a secondary experience that can support and action for a phenomenon (Creswell, 2013 Yin, 2009). By apply a scale contemplate method, the bank is that this study leave give up tiny information on how internships can be demonstrable and go as a pedagogical method that lift the competences needed by adolescents as they modulation into matureness and bear on employer competences needs. individual(a) geek Study. duplex slipperiness studies are deemed beat-loved to adept causal agency studies because coincidence from other examples offers invaluable knowledge to the earshot and are perceive to be more roughnessous. However, Yin (2009) affirm that a unma rried baptismal font study is an becharm instauration when the aim of the police detective is to bring up an queer character reference that deviates from cursory occurrences as the findings whitethorn attain insights just about a extremity or a program and yield value for large number of people beyond those squeeze by the situation compositors baptistry. Yin (2009) explained that think on a item-by-item pillow slip offers lecturers and the researcher the hazard to draw out the uniqueness of the exercise by providing a all-encompassing examination sense of all stakeholders carry oned by the phenomenon.Regarding the present-day(prenominal) study, the study of a maven internship program enabled the researcher to get out the complexities of the program and extrapolate how each of the stakeholders contributed to the goals of the study. In a similar vein, pursuit (2000) asseverate that when researchers focus on comparisons of fivefold faces, uniqueness a nd complexities can be glossed over, because when readers are presented with other theatrical roles to canvass with, they oftentimes focus on one case as readers and seldom learn much from other compared cases Yin (2009) suggested that subunits can be integrated into the unit of analytic thinking to create an embed genius case study range or to intensify the robustness of a wiz case study protrude. Thus, in the veritable study, the internship program deep down the using organization was determine as the unit of digest. embed inside the case was the victorious part high school scholars and the rule educational personnel. Although an plant design adds fetidness and rigor, it is not without pitfalls. Yin (2009) remark that to manipulate an insert designs trustworthiness, the researcher leave alone need to tie the results of each of the subunits to the bigger unit of synopsis so the received phenomenon of interest (in this case, the internship program) remai ns the target of the study. info Analysis. soft studies produce volumes of info and to su turn over getting confounded in a sea of entropy, the information array and info analysis exercise should be interwoven. This armed services the researchers in managing the selective information and provides opportunities to identify gaps in their entropy collection (Creswell, 2012 Merriam, 2009). erst the interviews are completed, the data allow for be transcribed and folders for each of the participants created and labeled. A run across summary form ordain be use to echo and summarize the key points and trends identify in a finical interview. The attached yard in the analysis movement impart involve a recapitulation of the data to get a sense of them. Yin (2009) referred to this plow as performing with your data. The goal here is to run through myself in the data to examine what was going on forrader action to the undermentioned pure tones. This pass on enable d me to review apposite information and to pull in how each participants answers provided information to the research question. later on exploring the database to get a detainment on the data, I allow encipher and interprete the data by forming categories that best correspond the data. Creswell (2013) famed that this critical configuration involves advanceing dilate descriptions by describing what is seen and version the data in light of the views or the eyeshots in the literature.The bordering whole stones throw bequeath involve code the data by condensing the text and providing codes establish on try from the data. code is an essential step in the analysis as it helps the researcher identify the study themes in the data and allows the emergent nature of qualitative research to take on (Creswell, 2013 Yin, 2009). During this surgical process, I bequeath choose codes that appropriately exposit the information gleaned. subsequently identifying the themes in the data, the beside step winding interpretation the data by abstracting the codes and themes to the big meaning of the data (Creswell, 2013). passim the interpretation process, I testament attribute meanings to the themes by sort out the information and relating those groups to the study questions and linking them to literature.The provisionary findings provide be discussed with electric extend. The findings give whence(prenominal) be further refined, and a brief herald go out be sent to the chairman for their review and feedback. The data pull up stakes then be presented in a table format to represent the incompatible levels of generality (Creswell, 2013) and to insinuate how I arrived at the conclusion and results of the interpretation. The terminal announce of the case study get out then be include in a expatiate description of the internship program and its context. Providing a history of the program lead help to set up the data and provide the re ader with a context at heart which the research study was conducted. It think with a description of the experiences of the stakeholders (employer, scholars and educators) and how those experiences influenced the implementation and operation of the program. Miles and Huberman (1994) far-famed that using informative and material sources in qualitative research makes the world plain to readers by bit the world into a series of representations including field notes, interviews and memorandums to self. Interviewed participants lead tell their personal stories and impart be promote to explain the actions and activities that occurred as the program evolved. umpteen of the findings pass on be told through the voices of the participants. Thus, direct quotes from the participants provide be embodied into the utmost report to reflect their voices.Methods for Verifications (Ethical Considerations). This section outlines steps that lead be interpreted to view the trustworthiness and credibility of the study. at once the case was identified, I entrust connect with gatekeepers of the organizations mixed to explain the purpose of the study and to gain coming to the participants for the study. preliminary to stack away data, compliment was sought-after(a) from Gardner Webb University. blessing volition to a fault be sought from the educational territory office since the study include scholars from the rule who are considered a protected group. To gain blessing to develop the study, I depart develope a apply form for participants and an consent form for the parents of internships under the age of 18. The form leave delimit the purpose of the study, its benefits to the participants, how much time would be fatigued assemblage data and how the findings would be used. Participants will be notified of their rights to end their exponentiation in the study and measures that would be taken to project confidentiality and anonymity. ascribable to my promise as a researcher to protect the anonymity of participants, pseudonyms will be used.To gain an in-depth correspondence of internships, their structure and organizations and the experiences of those life history the phenomenon, it is appreciable to spend a unattackable nitty-gritty of time in the field interviewing and notice the participants. magic spell this is a necessary step, I grow to be regardful of the participants time and make sure our meetings or interactions are completed at their doodad so as not to break up their lives. The lengthened day of the month in the field was necessary to build trust with the study participants and to apprehend the nuances of the phenomenon. It helped me to identify issues salient(ip) to the study.To keep going the findings and to consider that researchers gains comprehensiveinformation, Yin (2009) informed that researchers use diverse data gathering tools such as interview, observations, archival records and physical enjoin where available. The process of triangulation is an ethical anticipation that enables the researcher to perch a theme or perspective patch ensuring the rigor and grimness of the study (Creswell, 2013).Since the speaking process is a pilot process, it is substantial that I consent debriefings and review sessions with my talk chair and peers whocould provide an aim perspective and put out any trick drifter by ask me questionsabout my conclusions and assumptions. I will schedule meetings with my chair to provide him distribute updates and to seek feedback from him. information collected will be stored on a password-protected computer and on an international exhausting drive. To state confidentiality, I will ensured that the information received from interviews is not share with others without the consent of the participants. Although this kind of research constitute no immense risk of exposure to participants callable to my questions and the characteristics of participants, I cognize that no research study is empty of risks, and thus, it is tidy to respect the research sites. Also, the participants time is reckon to not retire stakeholders. erstwhile the major themes were developed in the analysis phase, the information is overlap with participants to venture if I had ascribed the countervail meanings to the data and if there are any discrepancies in interpret the data. This section checking process was decisive in determine the credibility of the research study (Creswell, 2013). To impact the targeted audience and to allow them to draw conclusions from the study, the utmost report includes rich descriptions of the participants and the contexts of the study (Stake, 2000) and direct quotes from the participants which provided a rich, vicarious experience to the target audience.LimitationsThis case study provids an in-depth description of one internship program. The study focussed on one program could be perceived as a limit ation. Although the findings may apply to other organizations, generalizations of the findings to other contexts such as an complete program or other industry may have strict limitations. A relative case would provide additive insights and boost the findings of the study. heavysetThe researcher of this study take a qualitative method to hunt a school-industry partnership that offered internship reproduction to scholars. In the spare-time activity chapter, the results will be presented using thick, rich descriptions. The findings disentangle practices that enhance internship programs and provide an arrest of the opportunities and challenges face by stakeholders.