Is there life after death Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Assumptions in dualism prove that there is no life after death. Secondly, the philosophical believes of materialism is not a strong enough support in life after death. In materialism, persons are assumed to rejuvenate and receive the same type of body after death. The lives lived by the resurrected persons compares with their early life on earth in many ways. They live in a perfect world where they do all they want: good food, walk on bright paths, do not become ill, do not sin, and they have ample possessions. The major concern that arises is how the older person compares to the new person. Can we still prove it is the same person? According to Barnes as quoted in seven oaks philosophical website, â€Å"we cannot imagine ourselves living in heaven or paradise and still being ourselves: if our flaws are corrected, our disabilities removed, our needs and wants satisfied, are we still in any meaningful sense the same person? † (Flew web) Assumptions in materialistic approach of resurrection fail to meet the criterion of identity. The transformation of the persons who die to the new heavenly body without flaws, disabilities, or needs means that the two bodies are two entities altogether. We will write a custom essay sample on Is there life after death or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now To me, the process of life after death is an impossibility through resurrection. Consider a human being who is a cannibal. After death, will God resurrect the persons he ate together with himself or only him? William in philosophy now magazine suggests that god will restore us again from other atoms. These new bodies will only meet our design and replication of us and not us al all. This is the same position with resurrection. The replica version of resurrection cannot secure survival after death (William web). Christians and Abraham religions who believe in resurrection also believe that the transformation comes on the final judgement day that comes so many years after the death of the person. This brings about a problem in continuity and proves that there is no life after death. According to Plato in his theory of opposites, physical world consists of opposites such as big and small, light and dark. In his argument, there must be a reverse to life , which is dead. For one to speak of dead and living as opposites then, the deceased must have a soul. Reincarnation is supported in this idea that suggests that mental growth continues after one, and the dead continues another earthly being with excellent grades of consciousness. Plato believes in a circle of death, life, death, life, and so forth (Taylor 244).

Essay on The Effects of Domestic Violence on Child Behavior

The Effects of Domestic Violence on Child Behavior The United States Department of Health and Human Services found parents and other caretakers mistreat 900,000 children in the case of child abuse (as cited in Moylan et al., 2010). Children can be abused directly or indirectly. Indirect abuse can be exposure to violence enacted by the mother or father towards each other (Baldry, 2007). As for direct abuse, this can include physical, sexual or psychological abuse done personally to the child. Research conducted by Jaffe, Sudermann, Reitzel, and McDonald Jouriles, shows that children growing up in a family that displays violence are at increased risk behavior problems (as cited in Jouriles, Norwood, McDonald, Vincent, Mahoney,†¦show more content†¦Sternberg et al., (1993) found â€Å"that there is some evidence that children who are victims and/or witnesses of domestic violence have more social and emotional problems than their non abused†. Some children can be shy and stay way from adults and other children. They can be physically abused and feel that because their parents hurt them other adults can hurt them also. Other children exposed to abuse might take out the abuse on other children. They start bullying children in the neighborhood or children in their classroom. Some children might feel that because they see violence at home that it is all right for them to so violence in other setting. Bulling is a big issue in schools. It does not mean that bullies come from domestic homes, but it’s might be one of the reasons. Another way a child might act out due to abuse is getting in trouble with the law. They might start hanging out with the wrong group of people and doing things that is frowned upon by authorities. They do not care about what happens to them and do what their friends think is all right. They release their behavior with violence. They become short tempered and argue or fight with anyone who gets in their way . â€Å"There is also increasingShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Children1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is domestic Violence? Domestic Violence is described as violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Many children end up being the victims to seeing domestic violence in the home which is very unhealthy to their development. Some children may development resentment toward both parents- one for not leaving and the other for causing the abuse. Depression, aggressive behavior, emotional distress and suicide depending on the severityRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest victims of domestic violence are the littlest. The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for children with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every yea r there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today. First, whoRead MoreEffects Of Domestic Violence On Children990 Words   |  4 Pageswhen a child is exposed to domestic violence at an early age, that child adapts to these adverse circumstance and situations (Holmes, 2013). Therefore, children who are regularly exposed to domestic violence may initially display less aggressive behaviors than children who are never exposed. However, this is due to their fear of being a victim of a physical assault (Holmes, 2013). This finding was interesting because it shows how deeply the children are affected by exposure to domestic violence. TheRead MoreEssay on The Gravity of Domestic Violence in America1423 Words   |  6 Pages the gravity of domestic violence in America has been disregarded and glossed over; perhaps it is because 60 p ercent of all domestic violence takes place at home. Domestic violence is defined as, the situation in which an intimate partner or someone you live with attacks you and tries to hurt you, often including physical assault, sexual assault, and bullying. â€Å"Every year, more than 3 million children witness domestic violence in their homes.† (safehorizon.org) Domestic violence at home is alteringRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesLieberman (2007) the goal was to determine if domestic violence leads to functioning shortfalls, and what its effects it has on a child’s behavioral and cognitive functioning. In homes where domestic violence happens, young children are more likely to witness violence than older children. It was hypothesized that children who witnessed violence at home had lower verbal capabilities, and would display greater internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Participants in this study included 62 preschoolersRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe term domestic violence is defined as the deliberate frightening, sexual and physical assault, or a behavior that is abusive or intolerable to others as a part of the regular sequence of power and the domination executed by one confidant companion to the other. The patterns of domestic violence usually comprise of the sexual violence, abusing the partner emotionally, psychological assault, and the physical violence. It is dramatic that how the severity and the frequency of the occurrences of theRead MoreChild Exposure to Domestic Violence1163 Words   |  5 PagesChild Exposure to Domestic Violence Introduction: Domestic Violence is any willful intimidations, sexual assault, physical assaults, or any other forms of physical or verbal violent behavior by one intimate partner towards another. Domestic Violence can create both psychological and emotional effects on both the intended victim and anyone that witnesses it to include children. Some children that witness domestic violence are experiencing serious effects that they have to deal with all theirRead MoreChildren And Effects Of Domestic Violence1612 Words   |  7 PagesCHILDREN AND THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Children and the Effects of Domestic Violence in the Home Domestic violence is any behavior of physical, sexual, emotional, or physiological acts or threats that intimidate a person or partner by trying to control or maintain power. Unfortunately, many children experience these harmful acts in the home between family members, all of different ages, ethnicities, and statuses. When thinking about a safe and healthy childhood and environment, what comesRead MoreThe Negative Results of Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence 979 Words   |  4 Pages The phrase â€Å"domestic violence† typically refers to violence between adult partners. Sadly, it has been estimated that every year between 3.3 and ten million children are exposed to domestic violence in the confines of their own home (Moylan, Herrenkohl, Sousa et al. 2009). According to research conducted by John W. Fantuzzo and Wanda K. Mohr (1999): â€Å"Exposure to domestic violence can include watching or hearing the violent events, direct involvement (for example, trying to in tervene or callingRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse896 Words   |  4 Pagesa direct relation to a child who witnesses abuse in his/her home at a young age? Introduction: What is domestic violence? â€Å"Domestic Violence is a pattern of behaviors used to establish power and control over another person through fear and intimidation, often inclosing the threat or use of violence†(Safe Horizon, 2015). Domestic violence includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and exploitation; therefore, this is in relation to â€Å"intimate partner violence, battering, relationship

Pestle Analysis Of An Organization Singtel Case Study

Question: What is Pestle analysis? Describe some of the important points, which will concentrate towards the development process of proper managerial activities of the selected organization. Answer: Introduction The present assignment will focus on some of the important points, which will concentrate towards the development process of proper managerial activities of the selected organization. Singtel is the chosen organization in the study. Singtel is one of the largest telecommunication markets in entire Singapore. The assignment will focus towards development process of a proper situation analysis tool, which includes PESTEL Analysis, as well as Porters 5 forces. There are certain organizational as well as managerial objectivities which majority of the companies depending upon the nature of the business tries to accomplish in the firm operations. All these marketing tools contribute a significant portion towards a development of a proper marketing plan. The selected organization in the business operates its business in the telecommunication sector of the country. The telecom sector in Singapore falls under the notion of the oligopoly market structure where there are few numbers of sellers operating their business in the same industry and the most important point is the decision making the power of one firm affects the decision making the power of the other firm (Aaker, 2013). To evaluate all the business activity of the organization in a proper manner, the company needs to develop an appropriate market plan by assessing these entire marketing tools in a significant way. Pestel Analysis PESTEL Analysis is one of the most crucial marketing tools, which are required by a different organization to scan the external environment (Baggini, 2012). There are six factors in this particular marketing tool, which have the distinct contribution in the overall plans and proceedings of the management. Pestel Analysis is a perfect situation analysis tool which management of different organization and policy makers applies towards organizing a proper business activity. Political Factor The first factor is the Political factor in this particular marketing tool. The political condition of Singapore is very much stable and it is an ideal place towards organizing a different business. It is a democratic country (Cateora, Gilly, Graham, 2013). The government develops different regulations, which guides the organization in a variety of ways towards having arranged a proper business structure. Some of the key elements, which are identified in the political factor, include government policies based on various kinds industry policies, laws and legislation, tax policies, trade restrictions and application of the different kinds of traffics (Collins, 2012). Economic Factor The second factor is the economic factor, which the organization needs to analyze to conclude a proper managerial procedure. Singapore is a corruption-free environment, which supports different kinds of business activities. Singapore falls among the most competitive countries in the world (Finch, 2012). The economic factor, which this particular organization is looking at, begins from wider economy, which includes economic growth as well as economic prospects, economic growth, interest rate changes as well as inflation and deflation rate. Social Factor The third factor is the social element of this particular marketing tool, which will allow the organization to identify all the social needs, which often looks at cultural aspects such as health consciousness, demographic factors, age distributions, and changes in the trends as well as buying patterns of the customers (Homann, Koslowski, Lutge, 2007). The fast changing lifestyles of different people are focusing telecom companies on enlarging the complete services in the country. Technological Factor The fourth factor is the technological factor, which mainly relates to various applications of modern inventions, which include the use of different Research and development, special incentives as well as technological changes (Hood, 2013). In current generations, the diverse use of the telecommunication sector has provided one of the significant breakthroughs in the lifestyle of the people. Environmental Factor The fifth factor includes the application of the environmental factor. The application of the environment factor needs to emphasize towards maintaining a pollution free business environment. The environmental analysis of any industry based on nature as well as an objective of the company needs to analyze environmental ethics and environmental working conditions. Legal Factor The final factor is the right element of the country, which includes the notion of the following all the rules as well as regulations of the telecom authority of Singapore. The legal framework, which is developed by the governing sector of the telecommunication authority, is under the framework and the legislation of the Union government of Singapore. The telecom industry of Singapore maintains particular legal framework converging services like the internet, radio, voice mail, VOIP, E-commerce, and mobile communication (Institute of Leadership Mana, 2012). Porters 5 Force Porters 5 forces are an important marketing tool, which allows the different organization to scan a proper positioning mapping of the company in the marketplace. Five factors need to be analyzed in an appropriate manner to evaluate this particular marketing tool in the overall business operations (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). The following part of the study will investigate the five factors in the porters five forces tool. Threats of substitution of products and services, threats of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, and rivalry power are the five top factors that are required by Single to develop a proper business plan and managerial procedures. The telecommunication sector is one of the fast growing industries in Singapore. Buyers Power The first point, which needs to be analyzed, is the power of the buyer. Customers switching cost and buyers information are the two factors, which affects bargaining power of the buyers. Lower cost of switching, as well as low cost of new connection cost and mobile number portability, are the three factors, which are the significant point in the purchasing decisions of the buyers (Kurtz Boone, 2012). On the other hand, users get sufficient information regarding the availability of other options. All these mentioned points indicate towards big customers power. Suppliers Power The second aspect, which is analyzed, is the power of suppliers. There is a price war happening between different mobile operators. On the other hand, the price is one of the most crucial factors towards developing proper managerial activities (Potter, 2012). The suppliers are chosen carefully in order to drag down the profitability of the organization in an efficient manner. Therefore, fewer providers in the telecommunication industry have less bargaining power in the entire telecommunication industry. The three factors, which affect suppliers power, are mobile tower companies, SIM cards, and cell phone handsets. Threats of substitution The concept of threats of the substation is the third point in this particular analysis tool which includes buyers propensity to substitute, relative prices, and performance of substitution are the three key points to conclude the idea of replacements. The telecommunication sector in Singapore is one of the fastest growing industries in the country. The decision making a power of the buyers is diversified, as there is more than one firm in this particular industry doing the same business. If the customers are not satisfied with the service, which one company, this particular group, provides will quickly shift to the next best alternatives to satisfy the demands and wants. Internet users are increased day by day as compared with the GSM services. Voice quality is getting better with internet telephony, as compared with the general mobile network, the cost of VOIP is very much less (Pride, 2012). This is another significant factor, which concludes the concept of substitution in the pre sent business situation. Threats of new entrants The fourth point is the idea of Threats of Entry. However, in the oligopoly, market structures the entry as well as the exit is very much limited and it is not restricted. There are few numbers of firms, which operates its business in this particular marker structure. Capital requirements towards maintaining a proper operational business management of the telecom industry actively or passively is very much high. Access to fiber optics is another significant point which in the notion of the substation for the selected organization (Pride, Hughes, Kapoor, 2012). Technological change, as well as technological advancement, is one of the crucial points that which substitutes access to an optical fiber network. There are some government and legal barriers in Singapore, which different kinds operators including Singtel needs to follow towards developing a proper business structure. Rivalry Power Rivalry power is the final point that needs to be focused on this particular tool. The decision making the power of one firm is hugely affected by the decision making the power of the other firm. All the time the firms are in a price war to maintain a healthy and a proper customer base system. For Strategic Recommendations The recommendation part of the assignment will focus towards concluding four major recommendations that will be helpful towards the development process of a proper marketing strategy (Thorson Duffy, 2012). The following part of the job will focus on what are the different kinds of key strategies that the organization needs to develop in the overall managerial operations. Developing a proper decision making activities The decision-making activity is one of the most crucial parts in this particular market structure. As discussed at the beginning of the assignment, the telecommunication sector of Singapore falls under the notion of the oligopoly market structure. The concept of the oligopoly market structure maintains different features of the market. In this particular market structure, there are few sellers with a large number of buyers (Werhane, 2012). The most crucial point is to develop a proper decision making activity as the decision of one firm hugely affects the decision making of the other companies. To implement an appropriate decision making activities, the company needs to analyze as well as develop appropriate research works and process to conclude towards the best implementation of the decision making of the enterprise. Pricing Decision In any market structure if the purchasing decisions of the buyers are enhanced, then the organization need to focus towards developing proper pricing strategies. Pricing strategy is one of the most crucial parts of every business organization (Baggini, 2012). Singtel is one of the most common telecommunication industries, which operates its business both in the national as well as in the global boundary, which maintains a huge customer base. The development process of a proper pricing decision will enhance the business operation of the selected organization in a diversified manner. Sound Consumer Relationship Management To diversify the business processes, Singtel needs to develop an appropriate feedback system. There are certain positive applications towards the development of an appropriate feedback system, which will focus on a proper customer relationship management (Aaker, 2013). If the customers are satisfied and happy with the service, the company will get benefited in certain ways and it will generate automatically sales the overall profit as well as profit of the organization. Proper technological advancement The final point of the study will focus towards the application of an appropriate technological progress. If the company develops and maintain an adequate technological advancement, the customers of the organization Singtel will be benefited in particular ways (Cateora, Gilly, Graham, 2013). The company needs to develop different kinds of research and developing programmers, which will indicate about different kinds of positive impact towards the business proceeding of the organization. Conclusion The concluding part of the study will analyze all the relevant factors, which are required by the selected team to develop a proper business plan. Singtel is the organization, which operates its business in the telecommunication sector of Singapore. It is one of the largest telecom companies in the entire Singapore. The objective of the assignment is to focus on the key factors, which will guide the organization in a proper manner to develop active managerial plans and activities. Some of the necessary tools, which are highlighted in the study, are the application of the PESTEL Analysis as well as the application of the Porters 5 Forces. Both of the tools, which are used by the management, are required to develop a proper situation analysis process. The concluding part of the study will conclude about four recommendations, which will guide the organization to identify what are the crucial factors that need to be analyzed towards developing a proper business plan. Singapore is an appropriate country to organize different kinds of business plans and operations. With the help of this particular program of activities, the organization will be benefited in certain ways. Reference List Aaker, D. (2013).Marketing research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Baggini, J. (2012).Ethics. London: Quercus. Cateora, P., Gilly, M., Graham, J. (2013).International marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Collins, D. (2012).Business ethics. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Finch, J. (2012).Marketing Principles Essentials. Newburyport: Research Education Association. Homann, K., Koslowski, P., Lutge, C. (2007).Globalisation and business ethics. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Hood, D. (2013).The marketing manifesto. London: Kogan Page. Institute of Leadership Mana, I. (2012).Marketing for Managers Super Series. Hoboken: Taylor Francis. Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kurtz, D. Boone, L. (2012).Principles of contemporary marketing. Australia: Southwestern Cengage Learning. Potter, N. (2012).The library marketing toolkit. London: Facet Publishing. Pride, W. (2012).Marketing principles. South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning. Pride, W., Hughes, R., Kapoor, J. (2012).Business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Thorson, E. Duffy, M. (2012).Advertising age. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Major Functional Styles of English free essay sample

Functional style as having social relevance, functionally determined, displaying inner coherence combination of ways of usage, choice and combination of means of speech communication In the domain off certain national language, correlated with other ways of expression of the same type, which attain other alms and fulfill other functions In the social communicative experience of the Functional style as the arrangement of language means in speech ( in the text), built up as the result of the working principles of language means choice and combination in a certain sphere of immunization in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication M. N. Oozing.The extra-linguistic basis of a functional style, I. E. The tasks and aims of communication in a certain social sphere, determined by the purpose of the correlated form of public thinking, a type of mentality, current in the sphere, typical patterns of contents. Systematic character of a functional style in speech ( functional stylistic correlation of the units on the basis of common communicative purport). We will write a custom essay sample on Major Functional Styles of English or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Functional Styles as speech systems. Functional styles as styles of language and speech. The notion of register ( similar to that of the notion of style) , as series of situational factors, which determine the use of specific language means General classification of functional styles.Linguistic and extra-linguistic factors in the classification of functional styles. The role of extra-linguistic factors in style studies ( the Prague Linguistic Circle). Style forming factors of a functional style. Universal, normative-stylistic character of the style-forming factor of a functional style (motiveless, evaluation, rationality, imagery, logic, exactness) and their difference in accordance with the purport of communication. Functional analysis of the style- forming factors of a functional style V. Schneider. . Problems of the Functional Styles Classification. Reasons for recognizing the style of fiction the belles-letters style : pros and cons.Cons: the language affliction Is multi-stylistic, not closed, It integrates other functional styles of the language, has no specific language markers; the aesthetic function the language affliction which Is expressed in special use of language means with the division of styles into artistic and non;artistic or the treatment of the belles-letters style outside the system of functional styles; in Russian it is not included in the domain of literary language due to a specific character of the literary language and the formation of the latter a under the influence of the language of fiction ( V. D. Bondage, L. Y. Massive, N. A. Mesmerism, A. K. Pangolin, D. N. Schemers. Pros: the language of fiction cannot be beyond the existing system of functional styles as in spite of its multi-stylistic properties it uses only part of the inventory of the elements and units of the other styles but doesnt express its speech systemic character and their use In the aesthetic function Is very pacific; It has the unity of a stylistic speech system, In spite of the authors individuality ]V. V. Flavored, I. V. Arnold, R. A. Budding,l. R. Gapless, B. N. Glove, A. K. Dolan E. G. Riles. So If functional styles should be treated as norms of speech composition there are no objections to treating the belles-letter style as one of the different stylistic meanings.If we suppose that a functional style is identified on the basis of the sphere of communication and its main function, its complexity and heterogeneity shouldnt present an obstacle A. K. Doodling. Reasons for singling out he newspaper style in the system of functional styles Newspaper style as a subsystem of publicist style M. N. Oozing. Newspaper and publicist sub-styles of the so-called informational style Functional style as a historical category. The style of poetry in the English language in the epoch of classicism (17th -18th centuries) with special norms of poetic language the choice of vocabulary, morphological forms and syntactic construction.The priority of abstract, bookish, high-flown words ( arduous, glories abundance of stylistic devices, archaic grammatical forms (thee, thy, doth, etc. , perfect regularity of rhyming, rhythmic, meter, syntactic, compositional and other formal patterns dependence on the canon. Aesthetics, priority of exquisite taste, sensible and noble ideals proclaimed in the poem Poetic Art by Niccole Bubal. The spread of French classical traditions in Great Britain. The Belles-letters Style. Aesthetic function as the main function of the belles-letters style. Aesthetics as one the most important elements of human culture. Aesthetic activity as creative activity in accordance with the laws of beauty.Social determination of aesthetic vision of the world (social interpretation of the of esthetics). The objective grounds for of aesthetics discovered in the existence of the world of reality ( symmetry, rhythm, harmony, integrity, regularity, expediency, optimization). Artistic creation as a special form of cognition and exploration of reality: synthetics of cognitive, evaluative, communicative, practical activities. Art as the objective basis of artistic activity. Works of art as integration of creative activity and perception. Art as self-reflection and code of culture. Other functions: educational, informational, hedonistic (entertaining), evaluative.Stylistic peculiarities f the belles-letters style: imagery, unity and indivisibility of artistic form and contents, completeness and integrity (hierarchy and systematic interaction of different levels of the belles-letters text artistic imagery produced by speech concreteness, stylistic integrity and multi-stylistic variation, (introduction of elements of other styles, e. G. Of the colloquial style in the aesthetic function into the belles- letters style), emotionality and evaluation, emphasis, and uniqueness. Sub-styles of the belles-letters style: poetry, prose, drama. Poetic genres: ballad, ode, pastoral, Monet, elegy, limerick, epigram, etc. Genres in prose: a story, a short story, a novel, etc.Genres in drama: comedy, tragedy, drama, dramatic monologue, dramatic dialogue. Stylistic difference of texts belonging to various sub-styles and genres, literary trends, artistic methods, (romanticism, realism, sentimentalism, etc. ), displaying different types of presentation ( narration, description), points of view of the speaker, ( I-speaking, fairy-tale speaking), topics, ideas, compositional arrangements, systems of imagery, the authors desolates, presence or absence of stabilization. Desolates. Language means of the belles-letters style: ; phonetic means sound reiteration, onomatopoeia (sound imitation), alliteration, euphony, consonance, dissonance.Rhyme, rhythm and meter in poetry, the notion of rhythm in ; vocabulary- priority of concrete words as artistic speech concentration , prose; unlimited choice of vocabulary (including non-literary means, Jargon and slang developed polymers, no limits in the use of words, which belong to different functional stylistic groups of vocabulary, stylistic resources of combinatory semantics of language units, normative and irregular combinatory patterns, creative and other functions of phraseology, decomposition of phraseology, rich, genuine imagery, the use of figures of speech or lexical stylistic devices, as a unique textual system; ; grammatical means of the language: in morphology a variety and wealth of stylistic effects of morphological forms and categories for expressing artistic speech concentration (decides, specific use o f aspect and temporal meanings of the verb, Verbal speech and plot development ( increase in the role and currency of the verb, special use of morphological categories of number, case, egress of comparison for emphatic and emotive purposes; in syntax a variety and wealth of syntactical constructions, colloquial speech stabilization.Means of expressive syntax: inversion, parallelism, antithesis, percolation, gradation, detachment, different models of author and character speech presentation, different models of homogeneous secondary parts of the sentence arrangement with the priority of double and triple patterns; ; compositional textual devices ( three-part compositional canon introduction, the main part and the ending with a more complex model of prologue and epilogue), deviations from the canon and their titlists importance, the plot development the exposition, gradation, the climax and the outcome ( the denouement), compositional peculiarities of a poetic text- rigidly fixed dim ensions of textual arrangement ( the fixed number of feet, lines, regular accentual models of the foot and line arrangement, the length and arrangement of a stanza, peculiar models of stanza and text arrangement, patterned rhyme, meter and syntax constructions), extensive use of foregrounding (coupling, antithesis, convergence, the effect of deceived expectancys effect of replenished expectancy, realism, irony, hyperbole as compositional devices; ; the system of stylistic devices: systemic use of imagery textual, developed and simple non-developed metaphors, metonymys, epithets, similes, hyperbole, litotes, puns, oxymorons, zeugmas, different in form contact and distant repetitions (ordinary, anaphora, peripheral, framing, Indianapolis, chain, refrain) Intensification of the total aesthetic impact of the language means of the text. Scientific Style. The main function of the scientific style: rational cognition and linguistic presentation of the dynamics of thinking. Other communica tive tasks. Inner differentiation and the formation of the sub-styles and genres of the scientific style used in different fields of science, characterized by different manners of scientific presentation. Sub-styles and genres: scientific style proper thesis, abstract of thesis, monograph, article, report, abstract off report Popular scientific an article, annotations, review, etc. ). Sub-languages of scientific styles: law, political, medical, economic, technical, computer, linguistic, etc. Types of presentation: description and argumentation ( deduction, induction). Different degree of polemics. Popularization of the scientific text. The addressee factor. Peculiarities of scientific communication: planned, prepared delayed in time communication (except for lectures and reports). Style-forming features: great role of tradition in the use of language means, objective and non-categorical presentation, specific means of expression, a certain extent of emphasis, restrictions imagery.Language means of the scientific style: ; lexical means highly specialized scientific terminology, terminological groups, revealing the conceptual systems of the scientific style, the peculiarities of the use of terms in scientific speech, the use of nouns and verbs in abstract meanings, special reference words, scientific phraseology clicks, stereotyped and hackneyed word combinations and idioms, priority of neutral vocabulary, limitations in the use of emotional- evaluative and expressive vocabulary and phraseology, absence of non-literary vocabulary and phraseology ( slang words, vulgarisms, obscene words) , peculiarities in word- building (standard suffixes and prefixes, mainly of Greek and Latin origin tell-, morph, Phil- -ism, etc. , peculiarities in the scarce use of imagery (usually trite and hackneyed, the priority of the functions of intensification and decoration, non- hysteretic, narrow contextual character, absence of rich associations, schematic and generalized character); ; grammatical means: nominal character ( the predominance of nouns over verbs) in the use of parts of speech, the use of prepositional of-phrases to substitute the genitive case, transposition of the classes of nouns, wide use of the Passive Voice, Indefinite Tenses, specialization of pronouns in demonstrative and intensification functions, numerous conjunctions revealing the logical order of the text as well as double conjunctions ( not merely. .. But also, whether or both And, as.. . ), adverbs of logical connection ; syntactical means: priority of full, logically correct, regular syntactical models, the syntax of simple sentence in the scientific speech extensive use of extended two- member sentence, priority in the use of compound sentences, extensive use of secondary predicative constructions ( Complex Object, Participial and Gerundial Constructions), wide use of conjunctions and denominative prepositions, concise expression of syntactical connection in word combinations, sentences, groups of sentences, absolute priority of declarative sentences in the use of communicative types of sentences; composition of scientific text as an explication of the stages of cognition and productive thinking, the usual model is presented by the following scheme- a problem situation, idea, hypothesis, proof, conclusion, compositional speech forms of discussion, argumentation and description, conclusion, types of narration, wide-spread co-referential repetition as a specific m ethod of text development.Functional restrictions: strong objections to the use of non-literary vocabulary, scarce use of emotional and intensification units of vocabulary and phraseology, and stylistic devices (metaphors, metonymys, etc. , absence of the second person form and corresponding personal pronouns, scarce use of l- speaking, limited use of incomplete and non-declarative, and one-member sentences. Publicist Style (Journalese). The major functions of the publicist style: social influence and public opinion manipulation; informative function. Additional functions: propaganda, popularization, education, organization, analysis and criticism, hedonism (entertainment). Stylistic features of the publicist style: interchange of standard and expressiveness, explicit evaluation, affective, impressive harasser, stylistic effects of novelty, advertising, mass, group social orientation, pictographs (documentary precision, abundance of statistics, topics and proper names, factual data), neutral or formal manner of presentation, generalization, the styles. Publicist style as a sphere of intersection with the style of fiction / essay, sketch, lampoon, satirical article/ and scientific style commentary, review. Elements of conversational and official styles. Subtitles and genres: publicist style proper / lampoons, articles, essays, sketches, travelogues, memoirs, political propaganda / lagans, leaflets, proclamations, Journalese l, newspapers style editorial (leader) article, brief news, or news columns, report, interview, reportage /, oratory / speeches, parliamentary debates, TV discussions. .. TV and radio Journalese, publicist cinematography (documentary, news-reel, etc. ).New publicist genres: talk-show, reality-show, role-play show, game-show, debates, TV poll, TV commentary, new types of information programs. Inner differentiation of the publicist style and correlation of functional relevance of its different variations and genres. Newspaper Style. Problems of classification. Newspaper genres: editorial (leading article), newsreel, brief news report, reportage, interview, essay, title, topical satire, advertisement. Graphic Means of the newspaper style: wide use of graphic means change of prints, word-arts, italics, various graphic symbols (asterisks, etc. ) used for the sake of text limitation as well as elements of compositional arrangement such as columns, titles, subtitles, parts and paragraphs.Language Means of publicist style: vocabulary: priority of neutral and bookish vocabulary, wide use of language means to actuality Carrolton (proper and geographical names, abundance of statistics, phonemic and proper names, facts and data), means of evaluation, neologisms, social political terminology, a great number of loan-words and international words, use words and word-combinations of other styles ( especially, conversational), against the general background of the bookish style vocabulary, including terminology as well as me ans of imagery to increase expressiveness / trite metaphors, metonymys, personification, metaphorical paraphrases, metaphorical use of terminology, newspaper terms: newspaper vocabulary and cliches Roundels and bookish), decomposition of phraseologies units. Word-building: loan suffixes and prefixes as well as combination of words; ; grammatical means: in morphology the use of the singular number of nouns in their collective meaning, plural number for the definition of generalization, wide use of the superlative degree of adjectives in order to reveal expressiveness as well as the use of adjectives-collaborative, substantiation and evaluation of the use of numerals, adjectives and participles. Average sentence length (9-11 words) and average degree of complexity in the sentence structure. Wide use of declarative sentences.The use of questions, exclamatory sentences for the sake of expressiveness. Means of expressive syntax: inversions, parallelism, antithesis, percolation, gradation, isolation, different types of the authors words presentation and conversational constructions, different patterns in the use of homogeneous parts of the sentence double, three-element and multi- element; ; compositional and textual means: cannonaded three-part structure of publicist texts, the principle of pyramid and its effects in the composition of modern newspaper text, the use of compositional ( foregrounding) devices. Official Style. / The Style of Official Documents l. Regulative function as the main one, I. E. He establishment of norms and rules in the sphere of public relations (e. G. The relations of individuals, group individual relations, the relations of social groups and acts, codes, instructions, orders /, the style official documents / applications, references, protocols, questionnaires, profiles, autobiographies, agreements, contracts.. . /, the style of diplomatic documents / agreements, pacts, communiques, note, memoranda, declarations /. Considerable inner differentiation, I. E. Inconsiderable genre-stylistic distinctions depending on the functional purpose of the text, themes, sphere of use, character of the institution issuing a publication.Stylistic features: standard, imperative and prescriptive nature, ascertaining as leading method of presentation, precision which does not admit misinterpretation, non- personal character. Specific features of the official style characteristic of all its varieties and genres: temple ( pattern) text composition, speech standard and stereotyped ways of expression and arrangement of the language means (cliches, standard vocabulary). Use of the language means belonging to the style of official documents as negative development in speech culture, especially within the norms of publicist style. Language means of the style of official documents: ; graphic means: wide use of graphic means change of the print, italics, the use of graphic delimitation means various graphic symbols (asterisks, lines, patterns, etc. Which clearl y demonstrate text limitation ( columns, division into parts, sections, elements, paragraphs), means of graphic design which reveal the representational form of the temple; ; lexical means: bureaucratic cliches ( words or word- ambitions), the use of special terminology to express precision, repetitions, the use of constructions with archaic elements, wide spread of vocabulary units, expressing obligation, absence of subjective emotional appraisal; ; grammatical means: nominal character / predominance of nouns, a great number of nominal prepositions and conjunctions, wide use of the genitive case, different forms of expressing imperative / verbs with the meaning of obligation, verbs of instruction, prescription, future tense forms, the imperative mood, infinitive and infinitive constructions, absence of the first and second person presentation and correlated rounds, the use of collective nouns for the expression of impersonality, different patterns of statement and ascertaining, spe cific use of aspect and tense forms ( future in conditional sentences, wide use of conditional sentences in connection with the necessity of detailed exposition and proviso, rare use of complex sentences, especially with subordinate sentences of cause because of the absence of the necessity to explicate logical operations of analysis and reasoning; ; compositional devices: the patterned structure of texts of all the genres and subtitles, declarative, ascertaining nature, neglect of narration and discussion. Colloquial (Conversational) Style. The main function is communication, realization of practical activity of a person. It is used in everyday life. Extra-linguistic features: informality, spontaneous character of speech, interpersonal contact and direct involvement in the process of communication, attraction of paralinguistic means of communication (gestures, expression of the face, movements).Stylistic features: familiarity, ellipsis, concrete character of speech, interruption and logical inconsistency of the speech, motiveless, efficacy. Secondary stylistic features: idiomatic and pattern character, personal type of speech presentation. Oral and written (epistolary) varieties. Two forms of speech: dialogue (simple dialogue and polygene) and monologue. Inner mood, aims, relations between the speakers, situation and theme of the conversation. Subtitles and genres: literary conversational style / talks, conversations, interviews l, familiar-conversational style / communication between family members, friends, intimate communication, childrens talk l, low colloquial / quarrels, abuse, scandal, squabble, insult l.Language peculiarities: high activity of non-bookish means of the engage ( with stylistic conversational and familiarity coloring, the use of non- bookish low colloquial elements on all language levels, incomplete constructions ( at phonetic, syntactical and partially morphological levels), the use of language units of concrete meaning at all the levels, non-characteristic use of means with abstract and generalized meaning, weak syntactic connections between the parts of a syntactic structure, active use of means of verbal imagery, means of expressing subjective appraisal, emotional and expressive means at all the levels, pat terned speech, specific phraseology , personal forms, nonce-words. Language means the colloquial style. graphic means: graphic signs as the reflection of phonetic processes of sound modification in fluent speech, graphic signals of the change of communicative roles; ; phonetic means: intensive modification of sounds in fluent speech, positional phonemic interchange(combinatorial accommodation, assimilation, dissimulation and positional changes, connected with the position of a sound in a word at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the word, stressed or unstressed position, etc. ). Positional changes: reduction (weakening) of vowels in unstressed syllables) and arterial devoicing of consonants at the end of the word before a pause. Complete reduction: Pokka (the drop of the final consonant or final part of the word), syncope ( the drop of a vowel or several sounds in other positions). Partial reduction as a qualitative change of vowels.Partial and complete devoicing of consonants at the end of a word. Stylistic and communicative effects of modification. Wealth and variety of intonation patterns ( rhythm, tempo, timbre, melody peculiarities); ; vocabulary: conversational (everyday life) vocabulary, priority of neutral widely-used words with incorrect, denotative, referential meanings, wide use of non-literary vocabulary, expressive-emotional vocabulary, means of verbal imagery, well-developed synonymy and polymers, the use of stylistic devices, including pun, decomposition of phraseologies units; in word-formation: emotive suffixes and prefixes, wide use of word-formation, expressive tautology.